2013년 10월 27일 일요일

Willy Gallant's blog ::The Walden Family and the Terrible,Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Friday






Willy Gallant's blog ::The Walden Family and the Terrible,Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Friday










Despite               popular               belief,               there               are               actually               four               ways               to               end               a               marriage.

These               four               ways               are               litigation,               arbitration,               negotiation               and               mediation.

(McKnight               &               Erickson,               1999,               p.

9)               Divorce               mediation               is               becoming               an               increasingly               popular               method               of               dealing               with               the               divorce               proceedings.

There               are               many               positive               aspects               which               make               divorce               mediation               affordable               and               less               stressful               than               traditional               litigation.

Divorce               mediation               offers               the               opportunity               for               parties               to               settle               their               differences               while               dividing               the               assets               and               maintaining               control               over               the               divorce               process.

Divorce               mediation               is               a               growing               field               which               is               continually               expanding               and               should               be               utilized               to               guide               couples               to               find               a               way               to               deal               with               one               another               in               a               mature               manner,               especially               when               children               are               involved.
In               my               paper               I               will               discuss               the               history               and               developments               of               divorce               mediation.

I               will               also               asses               the               effectiveness               of               divorce               mediation               and               the               current               issues               related               to               divorce               mediation.

I               will               also               discuss               the               importance               of               a               neutral               mediator               in               the               divorce               process.

Lastly,               I               will               give               suggestions               for               improvements               which               could               be               made               in               the               field               of               divorce               mediation.

The               History               of               Mediation
               Mediation               is               thought               to               have               begun               in               the               ancient               times               before               the               birth               of               Jesus               Christ.

(MediationADR.net)               However,               this               ancient               method               of               conflict               resolution               still               continues               to               this               day               in               many               new               formats.

Mediation               was               developed               as               a               way               to               solve               the               increasing               number               of               conflicts               as               populations               grew.

Mediation               was,               and               is               still               used               in               religious               and               non               religious               settings               such               as               churches,               "kinship               circles",               villages,               and               the               religious               group               the               Quakers.

(Mediation.ADR.net)
               I               would               like               to               start               by               explaining               what               divorce               is.

Divorce               can               be               simply               explained               as               the               ending               or               dissolution               of               a               marriage               before               the               death               of               either               spouse.

Divorce               also               has               historic               roots               in               the               world.

It               is               estimated               that               the               divorce               process               actually               dates               back               to               the               times               of               Mesopotamia.

(Wikipedia)               Divorce               was               not               easily               granted               during               those               times,               the               proposal               must               be               submitted               to               the               magistrate.

Once               the               request               was               submitted               to               the               magistrate,               it               would               then               be               decided               if               the               reasons               submitted               were               sufficient               to               grant               the               divorce.

During               the               Roman               era,               couples               would               "renounce               their               marriages               at               will".

(Wikipedia)               After               the               10th               Century,               divorce               was               generally               prohibited.

Things               have               significantly               changed               since               those               times.

Divorce               must               be               granted               and               is               not               taken               as               lightly               as               it               was               previously.

There               have               been               steps               which               have               been               taken               to               try               and               decrease               the               divorce               rate.

Some               of               the               ways               that               divorce               rates               are               being               decreased               is               by               mandating               parenting               classes               and               mediation               to               see               if               the               marriage               is               reconcilable.

I               will               discuss               these               mandates               throughout               the               paper.
               The               Development
               During               the               last               few               decades,               mediation               has               grown               immensely               due               to               increasingly               high               divorce               rates.

(Emery,               Sbarra               &               Grover,               2005,               p.1)               The               burden               on               the               courts               is               another               substantial               reason               why               mediation               has               become               a               popular               method               for               deciding               divorce               cases.

The               primary               reason               that               mediation               is               used               in               divorce               is               because               it               can               pose               less               stress               on               the               divorcing               couple               and               the               family               relationship,               especially               where               children               are               concerned.

(Emery,               Sbarra               &               Grover,               2005               p.

1)               In               the               late               1960's               the               "divorce               rates               escalated               rapidly               in               the               United               States".

(Emery,               Sbarra               &               Grover,               2005,               p.2)               In               today's               society,               it               is               estimated               that               50%               of               marriages               will               end               in               divorce.

This               percentage               increases               with               each               subsequent               marriage.

The               statistics               show               that               those               who               are               married               a               second               time               are               at               a               risk               for               divorce               at               67%,               and               by               the               third               marriage               the               risk               increases               to               74%.

(AboutDivorce.Org)               
               Divorce               mediators               can               work               in               the               private               sector               as               well               as               in               the               public               sector.

The               parties               will               need               to               decide               which               type               of               mediator               is               right               for               them.

In               the               "private               sector               mediation               replaces               the               conventional               method               of               negotiation               through               lawyers".

(Singer,               1994               p.

38)               Mediation               does               not               however               eliminate               the               need               for               attorneys               in               some               cases.

The               divorce               mediation               process               is               about               finding               a               resolution               that               the               parties               can               live               with,               while               taking               the               attorney               out               of               the               equation               as               much               as               possible.

As               mentioned               before               there               may               be               extenuating               circumstances               which               require               both               mediation               and               litigation.


               The               traditional               method               of               getting               divorced               can               be               compared               to               the               "children's               game               of               telephone".

(Singer,               1994,               p.

38)               Instead               of               discussing               the               issues               face               to               face,               the               laywers               tend               to               use               shuttle               diplomacy               to               find               resolutions               to               the               conflict.

There               is               nothing               wrong               with               this               method               but               with               some               situations               it               is               not               appropriate.

With               this               type               of               negotiation               the               entire               point               of               the               conversation               can               be               lost.

The               parties               are               not               in               control               of               their               destiny               so               to               speak.

When               parties               use               attorneys               to               represent               them,               they               are               in               essence               relinquishing               their               rights               to               make               the               judgment               call               about               what               is               appropriate               for               them.

The               reason               for               this               is               because               those               parties               begin               to               misconstrue               what               the               other               party               has               said               due               to               the               adversarial               nature               of               the               process               when               using               an               attorney.

Mediation               focuses               on               the               problem,               not               the               people.

The               problems               should               be               the               focus               of               the               discussions,               and               not               what               he               said               she               said               type               of               mentality,               or               you               hurt               me               so               I               am               going               to               get               you.

Unfortunately,               when               divorce               is               litigated               the               issues               are               not               always               addressed               and               people               may               feel               that               they               have               not               been               heard.
               The               Effectiveness               of               the               Process               and               the               Mediator
               Divorce               mediation               works               for               many               reasons.

Three               reasons               why               it               works               are               as               follows:
               It               can               help               alleviate               the               stress               and               costs               associated               with               traditional               litigation               in               the               court               system.

Both               parties               are               generally               working               together               in               a               voluntary               manner               for               the               common               goal               of               a               peaceful               resolution.

The               mediator               serves               as               a               guide               to               the               parties               by               "assisting               the               parties               with               communication,               clarifying               and               developing               options               to               resolve               conflict".

(McKnight               &               Erickson,               1999               p.

9).


               In               the               regards               to               the               cost               and               time,               research               has               found               that               many               couples               were               able               to               settle               their               disputes               in               "about               half               the               time"               when               their               divorce               was               decided               through               mediation               versus               the               traditional               method               of               litigation.

(Emery,               Sbarra               &               Grover,               2005,               p.5)               It               can               also               be               significantly               less               costly               and               time               consuming               than               the               traditional               divorce               process.

(Emery,               Sbarra               &               Grover,               2005,               p.5)               The               main               concern               with               any               type               of               dispute               is               that               the               parties               will               be               able               to               come               to               a               resolution,               and               be               able               to               follow               through               with               the               decisions               that               have               been               made.

With               mediation,               the               couples               involved               in               divorce               mediation               are               "more               likely               to               adhere               to               the               agreements               reached               because               the               process               is               more               cooperative               and               because               parents               will               feel               increased               ownership               over               agreements               that               they               reach               on               their               own".

(Emery,               Sbarra               &               Grover,               2005,               p.5)
               On               average,               "party               satisfaction               was               higher"               in               cases               which               mediation               was               performed               in               comparison               to               the               traditional               adversarial               methods               of               litigation.

Parties               stated               that               they               felt               that               they               were               heard,               and               their               feelings               were               understood.

More               parties               were               "satisfied"               with               the               results               of               mediation               in               the               long               run,               than               parents               who               were               exposed               to               the               traditional               route               of               litigation.

(Emery,               Sbarra               &               Grover,               2005,               p.5)
               An               effective               mediator               must               be               able               to               remain               impartial               which               can               be               difficult               in               cases               which               are               highly               stressful               or               chaotic.

The               divorce               mediator               should               be               experienced               with               adequate               training               and               the               ability               "to               help               the               parties               base               their               decisions               on               sufficient               factual               data."               (Mediate.com)               The               mediator               must               also               be               able               to               examine               the               cultural               differences               is               any,               and               has               an               understanding               that               not               all               cultures               are               the               same.

The               interest               of               the               children               is               critical               and               should               be               taken               seriously               in               divorce               mediation.

The               mediator               should               also               be               aware               of               signs               of               "domestic               abuse,               or               child               abuse".

(Mediate.com)
               According               to               the               "Model               Standards               of               Practice               for               Family               and               Divorce               Mediation"               there               are               steps               which               must               be               taken               to               be               an               effective               and               ethical               mediator.

(Mediate.com)               As               an               effective               mediator,               they               should               be               able               to               "serve               as               a               guide               for               the               conduct               of               the               family               members."               (Mediate.com)               This               can               be               done               by               modeling               appropriate               behavior               and               not               allowing               personal               attacks               against               each               other.

The               mediator               must               also               remember               not               to               play               into               the               emotions               of               either               party.

The               mediator               is               also               responsible               for               thoroughly               explaining               to               the               participants               what               "they               can               expect"               from               the               mediation               process.

(Mediate.com)               The               mediator               should               also               promote               "public               confidence               in               the               mediation               process."               (Mediate.com)               This               can               be               accomplished               by               demonstrating               that               mediation               is               a               dignified               process               which               helps               to               provide               the               parties               with               real,               acceptable               solutions               to               their               disputes.
               Unfortunately               there               are               still               only               "loose               standards               of               practice"               set               forth               by               the               Society               of               Professionals               in               Dispute               Resolution,               the               American               Bar               Association,               and               several               others.

(Singer,               1994,               p.

40)               This               is               one               of               the               reasons               why               it               is               so               difficult               to               "evaluate"               a               mediator.

(Singer,               1994.

p.

39)               In               many               cases,               mediators               are               referred               to               parties               by               word               of               mouth               based               upon               experiences               that               other               people               have               had               or               know               of               with               that               mediator.

Although               mediators               can               be               found               many               other               ways,               online,               the               phone               book,               articles               and               of               course               recommendations               just               to               name               a               few.

(Singer,               1994,               p.

40)
               There               are               of               course               other               important               aspects               of               the               private               sector               divorce               mediator's               comprehension               that               should               be               examined               before               utilizing               their               services.

The               first               is               that               the               mediator               should               be               familiar               with               the               "laws               governing               separation               in               their               jurisdiction".

(Singer,               1994,               p.

40)               The               second               aspect               of               great               importance               in               choosing               a               mediator               is               whether               or               not               the               mediator               "posses               some               basic               counseling               skills,               can               they               empathize               with               the               parties?

can               they               remain               neutral?

are               they               a               good               listener?

(Singer,               1994,               p.

40)
               Divorce               mediation               can               also               be               available               in               the               court               setting.

These               in               court               mediations               are               sometimes               provided               by               "social               workers,               volunteers,               or               private               contract               mediators".

(Singer,               1994,               p.

41)               There               is               a               substantial               difference               between               the               private               sector               mediation               and               court               mediation               in               the               way               that               the               court               mediation               deals               primarily               with               "child               custody               and               visitation               rights."               (Singer,               1994,               p.

41)               Private               mediation               deals               with               solving               concrete               problems               and               not               just               child               custody               and               visitation.

This               is               not               to               say               that               these               are               not               important               issues,               but               due               to               the               limited               resources               of               the               courts               they               must               limit               the               mediation               to               the               most               important               issues               in               the               divorce               process.
               To               reiterate,               it               is               up               to               the               parties               to               decide               which               type               of               setting               and               mediator               will               be               appropriate               for               their               situation.

That               is               of               course               provided               that               the               parties               have               the               opportunity               to               choose               their               own               mediator.

Some               people               may               not               be               allowed               to               choose               the               mediator,               it               may               be               court               ordered               to               solve               the               dispute.
               Current               Issues
               In               the               world               that               we               live               in,               we               are               unable               to               avoid               conflict               with               others.

It               is               a               part               of               what               keeps               the               world               interesting               and               the               opportunity               for               differences               in               opinion.Unfortuantely,               divorce               has               seemingly               become               an               epidemic               in               our               modern               lives.

This               is               a               serious               concern               because               it               has               almost               become               too               easy               to               divorce               your               spouse.

In               the               State               of               Colorado,               the               parties               must               first               meet               the               filing               requirements               for               divorce.

This               means               that               the               parties               must               satisfy               the               requirement               that               the               "marriage               is               irretrievably               broken".

(Divorce               Source.com)               In               some               cases,               counseling               or               mediation               may               be               a               requirement.

"If               reconciliation               seems               possible,               or               the               two               parties               do               not               agree               that               the               marriage               is               irretrievably               broken,               then               upon               the               request               of               the               court               or               parties               involved               in               the               case               a               counseling               period               not               less               than               thirty               days               nor               more               than               sixty               days               later,               or               as               soon               thereafter               as               the               matter               may               be               reached               on               the               court's               calendar".

(Divorce               Source.com)               In               many               cases,               it               is               not               uncommon               for               divorcing               couples               with               children               to               be               mandated               to               complete               a               parenting               class               before               they               can               proceed               with               the               divorce.

It               has               come               to               light               the               significant               damage               that               can               be               caused               by               divorcing               parents.

This               can               include               behavioral               and               emotional               problems               by               the               child.
               With               the               increasing               amount               of               divorce               it               is               important               that               people               understand               that               there               are               other               options               available               to               them               to               work               out               their               disputes               and               dissolve               their               marriage.

Divorce               should               be               dealt               with               in               a               dignified               and               process               oriented               manner               that               provides               the               parties               with               the               best               options               for               success               for               maintaining               the               agreements               that               they               have               come               to.

This               is               of               course               easier               said               than               done,               but               if               the               parties               work               together               in               a               voluntary               basis               the               agreements               are               more               likely               to               be               upheld.
               The               importance               of               a               Neutral               Mediator               in               the               Divorce               Process
               In               divorce               mediation,               it               is               not               uncommon               that               the               main               issues               may               be               substantive               issues,               which               involve               "money               and               time".

(Moore,               2003,               p.

75)               The               majority               of               the               issues               which               are               substantive               may               surround               who               will               get               the               house,               cars,               bank               accounts               and               even               the               children.

Time               is               also               a               valuable               commodity               for               people               going               through               a               divorce.

Parenting               time               is               crucial               in               cases               where               the               children               are               still               living               at               home               with               one               of               the               parents               and               the               other               parent               has               visitation.
               Things               can               obviously               become               quite               complex               when               it               comes               to               these               types               of               situations,               and               that               is               why               the               mediator               must               be               aware               of               the               local               laws               and               regulations               regarding               these               matters.

It               is               thought               that               "the               best               decisions               are               often               arrived               at               by               the               parties"               which               also               leads               to               the               importance               of               a               voluntary               commitment               to               settling               the               disputes               between               the               parties.

(Moore,               2003,               p.78)               The               mediator               in               the               divorce               process               should               serve               as               a               guide               for               the               parties               and               offer               "procedural               help"               but               not               unsolicited               advice.

(Moore,               2003,               p.

78)
               Due               to               the               fact               that               divorce               is               often               an               emotional               experience               for               the               parties,               the               mediator               must               not               show               any               emotions               that               would               lead               either               party               to               believe               that               there               may               be               a               bias               for               or               against               one               of               the               parties.

If               by               the               slightest               chance               the               mediator               "lets               their               emotions               surface",               the               neutrality               has               been               destroyed,               and               the               trust               and               credibility               will               be               destroyed.

(Moore,               2003               p.

65)               If               the               mediator               fails               to               disguise               their               emotions               it               can               also               create               a               power               imbalance               between               the               parties               and               there               will               be               difficulty               in               cooperation               between               the               parties.
               That               is               why               it               is               crucial               for               the               mediator               to               ensure               that               the               power               has               been               "equalized".

(Moore,               2003,               p.71)               In               order               to               make               the               parties               feel               that               they               are               being               allowed               to               be               in               control               of               the               process               the               mediator               should               "allow               the               parties               to               "agree               and               disagree".

(Moore,               203,               p.

64)               Conflict               is               why               the               parties               are               there,               in               order               to               solve               the               problems               that               must               be               solved               in               order               to               salvage               their               sanity,               and               dignity,               it               is               not               the               place               of               the               mediator               to               judge               the               parties.


               An               ideal               type               of               mediator               for               settling               divorce               cases               would               be               the               benevolent               mediator.

The               benevolent               mediator               "seeks               the               best               resolution               for               all               parties".

(Moore,               2003,               pp.

44-45)               While               it               should               be               known               that               this               type               of               mediator               does               not               have               a               vested               interest               in               the               outcome,               they               may               "use               their               available               resources               to               help               monitor               or               implement               the               agreement               between               the               parties".

(Moore,               2003,               pp.

44-45)               The               benevolent               mediator               will               not               use               their               influence               to               impact               the               outcome,               the               outcome               is               based               upon               the               work               of               the               couple               based               upon               their               individual               needs.
               There               is               one               other               type               of               mediator               that               may               be               appropriate               for               the               divorce               mediation               process.

The               Administrative/Managerial               mediator               may               currently               or               previously               have               a               relationship               with               the               parties.

This               may               be               a               close               friend,               an               attorney               or               someone               that               both               parties               have               worked               with               and               trust,               or               an               unknown               person.

This               type               of               mediator               may               be               a               great               idea               for               a               couple               who               cannot               make               certain               important               decisions               for               themselves.

For               instance,               the               divorcing               couple               cannot               decide               who               should               get               the               china               or               other               gifts               they               received               while               they               were               married.

This               would               be               an               opportunity               for               the               Administrative               mediator               to               make               that               decision               based               on               the               facts               and               fairness               of               the               situation.

This               type               of               mediator               "does               have               the               power               to               make               decisions               and               enforce               agreements               between               the               parties".

(Moore,               2003,               pp.

44-45)
               Possible               Improvements               in               Divorce               Mediation
               After               a               significant               amount               of               research               in               the               field               of               divorce               mediation,               I               have               come               up               with               a               few               suggested               improvements.

The               first               area               for               improvement               is               to               make               mediation               readily               available               and               affordable               to               everyone               regardless               of               ability               to               pay.

While               there               are               numerous               States               that               have               mediation               programs               for               divorce               there               are               still               not               enough.
               Many               States               require               that               the               parties               utilize               mediation               before               proceeding               through               the               courts               to               decide               their               divorce.

This               would               take               a               significant               burden               off               of               the               courts               if               the               parties               could               willingly               work               together               to               make               the               decisions               that               can               be               very               time               consuming               and               costly               in               the               traditional               court               setting.


               When               Mark               Loye,               visited               our               class               during               the               first               weekend,               we               learned               about               the               Jefferson               County               Mediation               Services.

Programs               such               as               the               Jefferson               County               Mediation               Services               are               a               wonderful               resource               for               mediation.

They               also               provide               a               resource               for               saving               the               courts               and               parties               money.

Some               of               the               cases               that               they               handle               are               divorce,               complaints,               disputes,               landlord               tenant               issues,               and               many               more.

As               mentioned               before,               the               availability               is               there,               it               is               free               in               cost,               it               saves               substantial               amounts               of               time,               money,               and               it               can               be               highly               beneficial               to               all               parties               in               creating               their               own               resolution.

The               Jefferson               County               program               also               offers               convenient               times               for               the               parties               to               mediate,               weekends,               evenings               and               daytime               hours.

The               dispute               must               however               be               referred               to               the               program               for               mediation.


               The               State               of               New               Jersey               also               incorporates               mediation               into               the               divorce               process.

New               Jersey               has               a               pilot               program               which               orders               parties               who               have               been               unable               to               settle               their               financial               issues               to               attend               mediation.

The               parties               are               then               ordered               to               meet               with               a               "court-approved               mediator"               to               discuss               the               unresolved               issues.

(Imbalzano,               M.

2006,               p.1)               Unlike               the               traditional               divorce               process,               mediation               does               not               "pit               the               parties               against               one               another",               in               which               they               try               to               out-               do,               out               smart               and               win               over               the               other               party.

(Imbalzano,               M.

2006,               p.2)               mediation               is               a               "non-adversarial               process"               in               which               the               parties               are               given               a               safe               environment               to               discuss               their               problems               and               work               out               resolutions.

(Imbalzano,               M.

2006,               p.2)
               I               also               feel               that               on-going               training               should               be               a               requirement               for               anyone               involved               in               the               field               involving               divorce,               primarily               in               regards               to               protecting               the               children               in               divorce.

Due               to               the               fact               that               children               are               vulnerable               and               can               be               emotionally               scarred               by               conflict,               there               should               be               more               protection               for               the               wellbeing               of               the               children.

This               may               entail               providing               referrals               to               family               mediation               or               counseling               services               to               ensure               that               the               critical               relationships               between               the               parents               and               children               are               not               damaged               or               destroyed.

The               training               should               also               involve               ways               to               deal               with               difficult               people,               different               cultures,               and               divorce               when               children               are               involved               to               protect               the               interest               of               the               children.

The               only               draw               back               to               this               that               I               can               see               is               who               would               monitor               this               kind               of               program?

Specifically               since               in               Colorado               mediators               do               not               need               to               be               licensed               or               certified               to               practice,               it               would               be               difficult               to               monitor.
               The               main               concern               is               that               couples               with               children               who               divorce               may               hold               volatile               feelings               towards               the               other               spouse               and               while               they               may               never               want               to               see               the               other               person               again,               this               is               most               likely               not               an               option.

Unfortunately,               the               parents               may               hold               these               angry               feelings               against               one               another               but               at               the               same               time               they               are               hurting               and               essentially               "divorcing"               their               child               as               well               as               their               spouse.

(Emery,               Sbarra               &               Grover,               2005,               p.7)               With               this               thought               in               mind,               the               use               of               mediation               and               court               approval               should               mandate               the               participation               of               the               parents               in               the               children's               lives,               provided               that               they               were               involved               on               a               full               time               basis               prior               to               the               divorce               and               they               are               not               considered               to               be               a               danger               to               the               children               or               themselves.

It               is               unfair               for               the               children               to               lose               their               stability               due               to               the               parents               being               unable               to               maintain               a               relationship.

Unfortunately,               this               type               of               mandate               is               also               difficult               to               monitor               due               to               the               significant               amount               of               divorces               which               take               place.


               The               divorce               process               is               a               difficult               situation               but               many               times               the               children               are               the               ones               who               suffer               the               most.

I               can               speak               from               personal               experience               that               I               have               seen               this               happen               one               too               many               times.

Situations               in               which               the               parents               get               divorced               and               the               absent               parent               does               not               pay               any               child               support               or               help               in               anyway               or               worse               yet               they               just               disappear.

However               with               the               use               of               mediation,               if               the               parents               can               try               to               find               a               way               to               work               together,               and               make               the               agreements               themselves               they               are               more               likely               to               stick               with               it               and               provide               their               children               with               a               stable               life.
               Conclusion
               In               my               paper               I               discussed               the               history               and               developments               of               divorce               mediation.

I               also               assessed               the               effectiveness               of               divorce               mediation               and               the               current               issues               related               to               divorce               mediation.

I               will               also               discuss               the               importance               of               a               neutral               mediator               in               the               divorce               process.

Lastly,               I               gave               suggestions               for               improvements               which               could               be               made               in               the               field               of               divorce               mediation.

It               is               clear               that               divorce               is               continually               growing               field               which               requires               individuals               with               the               knowledge               and               experience               mediation               or               litigation               to               help               the               parties               make               decisions.

However,               more               importantly               is               the               experience               and               neutrality               that               is               required               to               mediate               these               some               times               problematic               dispute.
               References:
               http://www.aboutdivorce.org/us_divorce_rates.html
               Site:               http://www.divorcesource.com/info/divorcelawsreq/colorado.shtml               
               Imbalzano,               M.

P.

(August               14,               20060.

Mediate               or               litigate,               New               Jersey               Law               Journals,               p.

NA.

Retrieved               February               10,               2008               From               Legal               Trac               via               Gale:http://find.galegroup.com/itx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-               Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=LT&docId=A149443789&source=gale&userGroupN
               MediationADR.net               (2008)               History               of               Mediation.

Retrieved,               February               10,               2008,               from               Mediation               ADR.net               Web               site:               http://               mediationadr.net/Conflict/InformationPublic-Meds/History.html
               McKnight,               M.

&               Erickson,               S.

(1999).

Mediating               Divorce:               A               Step-By-Step               Manual.1st               Edition,               San               Francisco,               California,               Jossey-Bass
               Moore,               Christopher               W.

(2003).

The               Mediation               Process:               Practical               Strategies               for               Resolving               Conflict,               3rd               Edition,               revised,               San               Francisco,               California,               Jossey-Bass
               Singer,               Linda               R.

(1994).

Settling               Disputes:               Conflict               Resolution               in               Business,               Families,               and               the               Legal               System,               2nd               Edition,               Boulder,               Colorado,               Westview               Press
               Spangle,               M.

&               Isenhart,               M.

(2003).

Negotiation:Communication               for               Diverse               Settings.

Thousand               Oaks,               CA;               Sage               Press.
               Free               encyclopedia               Web               Site:               http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce
               Emery,               R.,               Sbarra,               D.

&               Grover,               T.

(2005).

Divorce               Mediation:               Research               and               Reflections.

Family               Court               Review,               43,               1-9.




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